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Culinary arts

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A culinary arts instructor at Gwinnett Technical College in Lawrenceville, Georgia, 2015

Culinary arts are the cuisine arts of food preparation, cooking, and presentation of food, usually in the form of meals.[1][2] People working in this field – especially in establishments such as restaurants – are commonly called chefs or cooks, although, at its most general, the terms culinary artist and culinarian are also used.

Expert chefs are in charge of making meals that are both aesthetically beautiful and delicious. This often requires understanding of food science, nutrition, and diet. Delicatessens and relatively large institutions like hotels and hospitals rank as their principal workplaces after restaurants.

History

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The origins of culinary arts began with primitive humans roughly 2 million years ago.[3] Various theories exist as to how early humans used fire to cook meat. According to anthropologist Richard Wrangham, author of Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human,[4] primitive humans simply tossed a raw hunk of meat into the flames and watched it sizzle. Another theory claims humans may first have savoured roasted meat by chance when the flesh of a beast killed in a forest fire was found to be more appetizing and easier to chew and digest than conventional raw meat.[5]

Culinary techniques improved with the introduction of earthenware and stoneware, the domestication of livestock, and advancements in agriculture.[6] In early civilizations, the primary employers of professional chefs were kings, aristocrats, or priests. The divide between professional chefs cooking for the wealthy and peasants cooking for their families engendered the development of many cuisines.[7]

Much of the study of culinary arts in Europe was organized by Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, famous for his quote "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are", which has since been mistranslated and simplified into "You are what you eat".[8] Other people helped to parse out the different parts of food science and gastronomy. Over time, increasingly deeper and more detailed studies into foods and the culinary arts has led to a greater wealth of knowledge.[9]

In Asia, a similar path led to a separate study of the culinary arts, which later essentially merged with the Western counterpart. In the modern international marketplace, there is no longer a distinct divide between Western and Eastern foods. Culinary arts students today, generally speaking, are introduced to the different cuisines of many different cultures from around the world.[10]

The culinary arts, in the Western world, as a craft and later as a field of study, began to evolve at the end of the Renaissance period. Prior to this, chefs worked in castles, cooking for kings and queens, as well as their families, guests, and other workers of the castle.[11] As Monarchical rule became phased out as a modality, the chefs took their craft to inns and hotels. From here, the craft evolved into a field of study.[12]

Before cooking institutions, professional cooks were mentors for individual students who apprenticed under them.[13] In 1879, the first cooking school was founded in the United States: the Boston Cooking School. This school standardized cooking practices and recipes, and laid the groundwork for the culinary arts schools that would follow.[14]

Tools and techniques

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A chef preparing food on a metal baking sheet topped with parchment paper

An integral part of the culinary arts are the tools, known as cooking or kitchen utensils, that are used by both professional chefs and home cooks alike. Professionals in the culinary arts often call these utensils by the French term "batterie de cuisine".[15]: 472–476  These tools vary in materials and use. Cooking implements are made with anything from wood, glass, and various types of metals, to the newer silicone and plastic that can be seen in many kitchens today.[16]

Within the realm of the culinary arts, there is a wide array of different cooking techniques that originate from various cultures and continue to develop over time as these techniques are shared between cultures and progress with new technology. Different cooking techniques require the use of certain tools, foods and heat sources in order to produce a specific desired result. The professional kitchen may utilize certain techniques that a home cook might not, such as the use of an expensive professional grill.[15]: 458–462 

Professional study

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Modern culinary arts students study many different aspects of food.[17] Specific areas of study include butchery, chemistry and thermodynamics, visual presentation, food safety, human nutrition, and physiology, international history, menu planning, the manufacture of food items (such as the milling of wheat into flour or the refining of cane plants into crystalline sucrose), and many others.[18]

Training in culinary arts is possible in most countries around the world usually at the tertiary level (university) with institutions government funded, privately funded or commercial.[19] Professional Culinary Arts Programmes are curated educational and skills studies over a 3-year period with select Universities and Hotel and Culinary schools.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gleason, Jerry; America, Culinary Institute of (2013). Introduction to Culinary Arts. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-273744-9.
  2. ^ Gibson, Mark (2018-01-04). Food Science and the Culinary Arts. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-811817-7.
  3. ^ Rupp, Rebecca. "A Brief History of Cooking With Fire". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  4. ^ Wrangham, Richard. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human.
  5. ^ Ruether, Rosemary (1992-07-01). "Men, Women and Beasts: Relations to Animals in Western Culture". Between the Species. 8 (3). doi:10.15368/bts.1992v8n3.2.
  6. ^ Anbarasu, M.; Sathyamoorthy, N. K. (2020-10-01). "Types of Earthenwares and its Uses". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities. 8 (2): 107–112. doi:10.34293/sijash.v8i2.3323. ISSN 2582-0397.
  7. ^ Cracknell, H. L.; Nobis, G. (1985), Cracknell, H. L.; Nobis, G. (eds.), "The Progression of Gastronomy", Practical Professional Gastronomy, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 45–80, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-17876-6_4, ISBN 978-1-349-17876-6, retrieved 2023-11-05
  8. ^ Tzameli, Iphigenia (2013-02-04). "Appetite and the brain: you are what you eat". Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 24 (2): 59–60. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.12.001. ISSN 1043-2760. PMID 23380601.
  9. ^ This, Hervé (2009-05-19). "Molecular Gastronomy, a Scientific Look at Cooking". Accounts of Chemical Research. 42 (5): 575–583. doi:10.1021/ar8002078. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 19449900.
  10. ^ Farrer, James (2015), Farrer, James (ed.), "Shanghai's Western Restaurants as Culinary Contact Zones in a Transnational Culinary Field", The Globalization of Asian Cuisines: Transnational Networks and Culinary Contact Zones, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 103–124, doi:10.1057/9781137514080_6, ISBN 978-1-137-51408-0, retrieved 2023-11-05
  11. ^ Harun, Hairuddin; Rahman, Abdul Wafi Abdul; Noorazman, A. S.; Noor, Siti Noor Fazelah Mohd; Sahak, Adibah Aishah Md (2018). "The Effectiveness of Cognitive and Psychomotor Domain of Culinary Art Students' Performance after Internship in Private Colleges". MATEC Web of Conferences. 150: 05021. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201815005021. ISSN 2261-236X.
  12. ^ Wollin, Mary; Gravas, Spyros (2001-04-01). "A Proposed Curriculum and Articulation Model for Two-Year Degree Programs in Culinary Arts". Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education. 13 (2): 47–54. doi:10.1080/10963758.2001.10696688. ISSN 1096-3758. S2CID 168124594.
  13. ^ Rhodes, Nikkia (2020-11-12). "Why Mentorship Is at the Heart of This Chef's Mission | James Beard Foundation". James Beard. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  14. ^ Ikeda, H. (1976-09-01). "Handbook of Perception, vol. V, Seeing". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 60 (9): 670–671. doi:10.1136/bjo.60.9.670-b. ISSN 0007-1161.
  15. ^ a b Katz, Solomon H. (2003). Encyclopedia of food and culture. Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80567-7. OCLC 1072663588.
  16. ^ Staniewicz-Brudnik, Barbara; Bączek, Elżbieta; Skrabalak, Grzegorz (2015-04-01), "The New Generation of Diamond Wheels with Vitrified (Ceramic) Bonds", Sintering Techniques of Materials, IntechOpen, doi:10.5772/59503, ISBN 978-953-51-2033-9, retrieved 2023-11-05
  17. ^ Simon, Cecilia Capuzzi (2014-03-17). "Culinary Schools Speed the Rise of Hopeful Chefs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  18. ^ Brinkley, Rhett (2022-11-21). "UA Pulaski Tech Culinary Arts students wow with a giant gingerbread house at the Arlington Hotel". Arkansas Times. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  19. ^ Krishna, Priya (2022-03-28). "A Fast, Frugal Track to a Cook's Career? Community College". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  20. ^ Hegarty, Joseph (2014-07-03). Standing the Heat: Assuring Curriculum Quality in Culinary Arts and Gastronomy. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203821541. ISBN 978-0-203-82154-1.

Bibliography

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  • "Cooking Schools 101". Cooking Schools. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 September 2013
  • "History". Of Culinary Archives & Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 September 2013
  • "History of Culinary". Culinary Arts information RSS. N.p., nd. web.17 September 2013
  • "History of Culinary Arts". Culinary Arts Information RSS. N.p,. web. 17 September 2013
  • "The Culinary Timeline". The Culinary Timeline. N.p,.web. 17 September 2013
  • Olver, Lynne. "The Food Timeline".

Further reading

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  • Beal, Eileen. Choosing a career in the restaurant industry. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1997.
  • Institute for Research. Careers and jobs in the restaurant business: jobs, management, ownership. Chicago: The Institute, 1977.
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