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Indie rock
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly to mid-1980s, United Kingdom, United States and New Zealand
Derivative forms
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Local scenes
Other topics

Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music that originated in the United Kingdom, United States and New Zealand in the early to mid-1980s. Although the term was originally used to describe rock music released through independent record labels, by the 1990s it became more widely associated with the music such bands produced.

The sound of indie rock has its origins in the DIY music of the Go-Betweens and Television Personalities, the New Zealand Dunedin sound of the Chills, Sneaky Feelings, Tall Dwarfs,[1] the Clean[2] and the Verlaines, and early 1980s college rock radio stations who would frequently play jangle pop bands like the Smiths and R.E.M.. The genre solidified itself during the mid–1980s with NME's C86 cassette in the United Kingdom and the underground success of Sonic Youth, Dinosaur Jr. and Unrest in the United States. During the decade, indie rock bands like Sonic Youth, the Pixies and Radiohead all released albums on major labels and subgenres like slowcore, Midwest emo, slacker rock and space rock began. By this time, "indie" had evolved to refer to bands whose music was released on independent record labels, in addition to the record labels themselves. As the decade progressed many individual local scenes developed their own distinct takes on the genre: baggy in Manchester; grebo in Stourbridge and Leicester; and shoegaze in London and the Thames Valley.

During the 1990s, the mainstream success of grunge and Britpop, two movements influenced by indie rock, brought increased attention to the genre and saw record labels use their independent status as a marketing tactic. This led to a split within indie rock: one side conforming to mainstream radio; the other becoming increasingly experimental. By this point, "indie rock" referred to the musical style rather than ties to the independent music scene. In the 2000s, indie rock reentered the mainstream through the garage rock and post-punk revival and the influence of the Strokes and the Libertines. This success was exacerbated in the middle of the decade by Bloc Party, the Arctic Monkeys and the Killers and indie rock proliferated into the landfill indie movement.

Characteristics

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The term indie rock, which comes from "independent", describes the small and relatively low-budget labels on which it is released and the do-it-yourself attitude of the bands and artists involved. Although distribution deals are often struck with major corporate companies, these labels and the bands they host have attempted to retain their autonomy, leaving them free to explore sounds, emotions and subjects of limited appeal to large, mainstream audiences.[3] The influences and styles of the artists have been extremely diverse, including punk, psychedelia, post-punk and country.[4]

The lo-fi, experimental and art rock sound of the Velvet Underground[5] as well as late '70s punk and post-punk bands such as the Fall,[6] Buzzcocks, Wire, Television and Joy Division[7][8] would be influential to the genre.[9]

Allmusic identifies indie rock as including a number of "varying musical approaches [not] compatible with mainstream tastes".[10] Linked by an ethos more than a musical approach, the indie rock movement encompassed a wide range of styles, from hard-edged, grunge-influenced bands, through do-it-yourself experimental bands like Pavement, to punk-folk singers such as Ani DiFranco.[11] In his book DIY Style: Fashion, Music and Global Digital Cultures, Brent Luvaas described the genre as rooted in nostalgia, citing the influence of garage rock and psychedelic rock of the 1960s in progenitors the Stone Roses and the Smiths, in addition to a lyrical preoccupation with literature.[12] Garage rock characterized by its "DIY ethic and unrefined production[13]," gave rise to proto-punk bands like the Stooges and the Sonics.[14] Artists such as Armand Schaubroeck self-released, pressed, packaged and distributed their own music, designing and gluing cover art by hand, a practice that anticipated the late 1970s DIY punk movement.[15][16][17]

In this same vein, Matthew Bannister defined indie rock as "small groups of white men playing guitars, influenced by punks and 1960s white pop/rock, within a broader discourse and practice of (degrees of) independence from mainstream musical values."[18] According to anthropologist Wendy Fonarow, a key element of indie is the dichotomy between a "puritan ethos" and a "romantic one", with the former using austere ethics, and the latter being eccentric. This is best seen in the contrast between the indie music of United States and the United Kingdom in the 1990s, with British acts being flamboyant performers, while American acts used their lack of virtuosity as a mark of authenticity.[19]

Indie rock is noted for having a relatively high proportion of female artists compared with preceding rock genres, a tendency exemplified by the development of the feminist-informed riot grrrl music of acts like Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, 7 Year Bitch, Team Dresch and Huggy Bear.[20] However, Cortney Harding pointed out that this sense of equality is not reflected in the number of women running indie labels.[21]

History

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Independent record labels[22] played a central role in the rise of indie rock. While they existed before the late 1970s—with jazz musicians in the 1940s-50s pioneering artist-operated labels, they were later followed by the labels of rock-focused British producers Joe Meek (Triumph Records), Andrew Loog Oldham (Immediate Records), Chris Wright with Terry Ellis (Chrysalis Records) and Larry Page (Page One Records).[23][24] Independent labels gained further prominence in the American 1960s underground music scene with cult artists signing to local labels like ESP-Disk and International Artists.[25] Other independent labels included those in Germany's krautrock scene like Kraftwerk's own label Kling Klang Records as well Ohr, Brain,[26] and Sky Records.

Prior to the late 1970s, major record companies held so much power that independent labels struggled to establish themselves. During this time, some popular artists formed their own labels, such as the Beatles' Apple Records, Frank Zappa's Straight and Bizarre Records, as well as the Rolling Stones' Rolling Stones Records and Grateful Dead's Grateful Dead Records. However, these ventures often failed commercially or were eventually absorbed by major labels.

This dynamic began to change in 1979 when Rough Trade released the album Inflammable Material by Stiff Little Fingers which went on to be the first independently-released album to sell over 100,000 copies. This success sparked major record companies' interest in independent music and by the end of the decade, the establishment of the UK indie charts signaled the growing popularity of the movement.[27] The BBC documentary "Do it Yourself: The Story of Rough Trade" stated that "[...] when Rough Trade began in 1976 there were about a dozen independent labels in Britain, by the end of the decade there were over 800."[28] Other notable early indie labels include Mute, 4AD, Factory and Creation Records.[29]

Forerunners

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The Velvet Underground and Nico in 1966. Clockwise from top left: Lou Reed, Sterling Morrison, John Cale, Moe Tucker and Nico

The Velvet Underground and the Kinks have been cited as early influences on indie rock, with the New York Times stating that "[...] the Kinks were like the first indie rock band, in a weird way".[30] Furthermore, Pitchfork cited the Beach Boys,[31] as well as the Byrds as pivotal influences, noting that "without the Byrds, the entirety of college rock—and, from it, indie rock—wouldn’t exist".[32] Other influences include Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd and Alex Chilton's[33] Big Star, with the Guardian noting that Barrett's "influence became built into the music we now know as indie rock",[34] and describing Big Star as the "ur-band" for "emotionally acute indie-rock".[35]

Subsequently, proto-punk artists like Patti Smith,[36][37] the Stooges and the Modern Lovers[38][39] released seminal debut albums that were all produced by ex-Velvet Underground member John Cale, they influenced later indie rock bands such as Sonic Youth,[40][41] Nirvana[42] and Dinosaur Jr.[43] In addition, ex-Roxy Music keyboardist Brian Eno's solo albums 'Here Come the Warm Jets' and 'Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy)' have been described as "laying out the template for art rock, post-punk, new wave, indie-rock, and even goth bands to follow".[44]

New York city band Television, who's melodic guitar interplay on Marquee Moon proved influential to the early indie scene, has also been credited with presaging indie rock. Television was the first punk band to self-release a single, Little Johnny Jewel (1975), which was followed by Pere Ubu's debut single in December 1975.[45][46] Likewise, English punk bands such as the Soft Boys, cult favorites in the US where bands like R.E.M. and the Replacements "memorized every lick,"[47] and Wire, whose blend of punk music and concise, catchy pop songs on their debut album Pink Flag (e.g. Mannequin[48]), as well as their album 154 (featuring tracks like 'the 15th'), and their 1979 single Outdoor Miner, influenced later bands such as Guided by Voices and Hüsker Dü.[49] Additionally, Kansas band the Embarrassment have been cited as "leading progenitors of the American indie rock scene" influencing R.E.M.[50] and Pavement.[51] After the group dissolved, Bill Goffrier went on to form the indie rock band Big Dipper.

During the advent of punk rock in the late 1970s, bands began to embrace and popularize a DIY ethic that encouraged anyone, regardless of skill or musical background,[29] to form a band. In June 1976, the Sex Pistols, performed at the Lesser Free Trade Hall in Manchester, inspiring the formation of influential groups like the Smiths, Buzzcocks, the Fall and Joy Division.[52] After punk rock's commercial breakthrough in 1977, the post-punk scene emerged in the UK, encapsulating bands that, while retaining the raw energy and DIY ethos of punk began to push its boundaries through an experimental and artistic evolution. Artists such as the Cure, the Monochrome Set,[53] Felt, the Raincoats and Young Marble Giants who were mostly signed to independent labels like Rough Trade, Factory Records and Cherry Red, served as a foundational influence on indie rock and later alternative music. American groups like the Feelies and Talking Heads[54] as well as Scottish post-punk bands such as Orange Juice, the Vaselines, and Josef K would also prove to be influential.[55]

Origins

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See also: College rock and Jangle pop
The Chills performing at Indietracks in rural Derbyshire in 2014
British band The Jesus and Mary Chain performing in California in 2007

The BBC documentary Music for Misfits: The Story of Indie pinpoints the coining of the term "indie" to the 1977 self-publication of the Spiral Scratch EP by Manchester punk rock band the Buzzcocks, on their Independent record label New Hormones.[56][22] This inspired a DIY punk movement where bands like Swell Maps, 'O' Level, Television Personalities and Desperate Bicycles followed suit in pressing, packaging and distributing their own records, storing copies at home as well as designing cover art by hand.[57][58][22] Distribution was further improved with the establishment of 'The Cartel', an association of companies like Red Rhino and Rough Trade Records who would take the releases from these small labels and get them into record shops nationwide.[59]

Independent record labels would also be integral to the early years of punk rock musical distribution, as seen with Beserkley Records in the US, who put out the debut album by the Modern Lovers, and Stiff Records who released the first UK punk single "New Rose" by the Damned. This was followed by early indie band the Go-Betweens who released 'Lee Remick' in 1978.[60] In Australia, the Saints had released the first punk single outside the US, "(I'm) Stranded," on their own "Fatal Records" label. Similarly, DIY bands like the Deep Freeze Mice[61] and Half Japanese formed their own labels that would influence the indie rock scene at large. The latter's "50 Skidillion Watts" released music that'd be cited by Kurt Cobain as a pivotal influence, as well as Beat Happening's label K Records.[62]

Dunedin produced the independent record label Flying Nun Records, whose artists defined the Dunedin sound, which would be particularly influential on the development of indie rock's sound.[63][64][65] According to Audioculture, one of the earliest Dunedin Sound band was Chris Knox's band the Enemy, which emerged as a post-punk group, whose members also included Alec Bathgate. Although the group was only around for a short time, their shows impressed the teenage musicians that came to see them, including a young Shayne Carter, who went on to form Bored Games, the DoubleHappys and Straitjacket Fits. Knox later formed another short-lived punk band called Toy Love, and after it broke up, he went on to start the influential band Tall Dwarfs, who were an integral influence on the emergence of home-recorded lo-fi indie.[66] The punk-inspired aspects of the scene were often inspired by opposition to Robert Muldoon and his government, which prompted satire or outright criticism.[67] The scene saw bands take influence from punk rock, but strip away its aggression for a reverb heavy, pop–influenced sound. Marked by the Clean's 1981 debut single "Tally-Ho!" and 1982's Dunedin Double EP featuring the Chills, Sneaky Feelings, the Verlaines and the Stones, its guitars were often jangly and droning and vocals indistinct.[68] The following years, the Dunedin sound spread to other New Zealand cities such as Christchurch or Auckland.[69][65][70][64]

The decade then saw the growing popularity of college radio stations, primarily in the United States, who would play independent artists of various genres, including alternative rock, new wave, post-hardcore and post-punk. The bands broadcast on these station became dubbed "college rock" by fans, another term which lacked any stylistic implication. The most prominent college rock bands were jangle pop groups R.E.M., from the US, and the Smiths, from the UK, who Matthew Bannister states were the earliest indie rock groups.[71] These bands' influence was showcased quickly seen in the formation of Let's Active, the Housemartins and the La's.[72] By this time, the term "indie rock" had begun to be used to describe the bands who produced music on independent record labels, rather than simply the record labels themselves. This made it the only genre at the time which was defined by the methods by which the music was distributed rather than the sound of said music.[4]

Journalist Steve Taylor also cited the bands involved in the Paisley Underground scene as early indie groups.[73] However, this jangly style became increasingly mainstream as the decade progressed leading subsequent indie rock bands to abandon this style. Instead, in the following years the Jesus and Mary Chain and Flying Nun Records bands like the Jean-Paul Sartre Experience morphed the genre into a slower, darker and more hypnotic style.[71] The number of college radio stations in the US decreased significantly following NPR's lobbying against noncommercial station during the 1980s. In turn, the name "college rock" fell into disfavour, soon being replaced by "indie".[74]

Development

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My Bloody Valentine pioneered the indie rock subgenre shoegaze

In the United Kingdom, NME released the C86 compilation cassette, which consisted of tracks by groups including Primal Scream, the Pastels and the Wedding Present. Intended to showcase the UK's current independent music scene, the album was made up of groups combining elements of jangle pop, post-punk and Phil Spector indebted Walls of Sound. In 2006, Bob Stanley called it "the beginning of indie music".[75] C86 became a descriptor in its own right, describing not only the bands on the tape but also bands who it influenced, often used alongside terms like "anorak pop" and "shambling".[76] Some C86 bands found significant commercial success: the Soup Dragons went on to sell out Madison Square Garden; Primal Scream were critically acclaimed, receiving the first ever Mercury Prize in 1992; the Wedding Present charted eighteen times in the Top 40; however many bands in its twenty-two track runtime also fell into obscurity.[77]

In the United States, the popularity of R.E.M. allowed those disliking of hardcore punk's militant conventions to become a part of the underground music scene. This empowered an array of musicians, particularly those in what would become the post-hardcore scene as led by the Minutemen, whose philosophy of jamming "econo" has been described as a "foundational tenet of DIY."[78] While eschewing hardcore conventions and incorporating influences from jazz and post-punk, the Minutemen retained the aggression and politically charged nature of punk. However, in the hardcore scene they were often met with hostility, with Pitchfork[79] citing "the first time they opened for Black Flag, the Minutemen were showered with spit from the crowd", further stating that "they just weren’t that hardcore". Despite this, they've been credited with providing "the life blood of indie rock for decades" as evinced on songs like "the Anchor".[80][81][82] Similarly, Wipers, who with their melodic riffs and emphasis on guitar leads and solos, also stood out in the hardcore scene, influencing emerging indie artists such as J Mascis of Dinosaur Jr.[83][84]

Furthermore, major labels began to pursue underground bands, with both Hüsker Dü and the Replacements releasing albums on majors in the middle of the decade. While these albums did not see the same success as R.E.M., and major labels soon lost interest in the scene, they did have a large impact on younger bands. Some groups like Camper Van Beethoven,[85] the Dead Milkmen[86] and Violent Femmes[87] infused the scene with sardonic humor and irony. In the following years, Sonic Youth, Dinosaur Jr. and Unrest began to release music on independent labels indebted to these bands, and soon too picked up the categorisation of indie rock.[88] As the 1980s closed, both Sonic Youth and the Pixies signed to major labels.[89]

In the late 1980s, the indie rock subgenre shoegaze emerged, as a continuation of the wall of sound production being used by groups like the Jesus and Mary Chain. The genre merged this with influences from Dinosaur Jr. and the Cocteau Twins, to create a dark and droning style so cacophonous that instruments were often indistinguishable. The genre was pioneered by My Bloody Valentine on their early EPs and debut album Isn't Anything.[90] The band's style influenced a wave of bands in London and the Thames Valley area including Chapterhouse, Moose and Lush. This scene was collectively termed "the Scene That Celebrates Itself" by Melody Maker's Steve Sutherland in 1990.[91]

The Stone Roses' 1990 Spike Island concert was the highest attendance performance by an independent artist of its time

Madchester was another style and scene that originated in the late 1980s. Defined by its merger of C86 indie rock, dance music and Hedonist rave culture, particularly its emphasis on the use of psychedelic drugs, the scene was centred in Manchester.[92][93] The scene was based around the Haçienda nightclub, which opened in May 1982 as an initiative of Factory Records. For the first few years of its life, the club played predominantly club-oriented pop music and hosted performances by artists including New Order, Cabaret Voltaire, Culture Club, Thompson Twins and the Smiths.[94] The Madchester movement burgeoned by 1989, with the success of the Happy Mondays second album Bummed and the Stone Roses' self-titled debut, which became the most influential work in the scene. In the following years, addition high profile acts included the Charlatans, 808 State and the Inspiral Carpets.[95]

The Madchester scene's distinct combination of indie rock and dance music became termed indie dance by critics, or more specifically the subgenre baggy.[96] Madchester and baggy's most infamous moment was the 27 May 1990 Spike Island concert headlined by the Stone Roses. With an attendance of around 28,000 and lasting twelve hours, it was the first event of its size and kind to be hosted by an independent act.[97]

In Stourbridge, a scene of indie bands who took influence from electronic, punk, folk and hip-hop music emerged, dubbed grebo by critics. Fronted by Pop Will Eat Itself, the Wonder Stuff and Ned's Atomic Dustbin, "grebo" was broadly defined, and was used more as a name for the Stourbridge scene than as a genre label. However, the bands quickly gained attention: Pop Will Eat Itself's 1989 singles "Wise Up! Sucker" and "Can U Dig It?" both entered the UK Top 40 and Stourbridge briefly became a tourist attraction for young indie rock fans. The seminal albums from the scene were released between 1989 and 1993: the Wonder Stuff's Hup and Never Loved Elvis; Ned's Atomic Dustbin's God Fodder and Are You Normal?; and Pop Will Eat Itself's This Is the Day...This Is the Hour...This Is This! and The Looks or the Lifestyle?. In this period, the scene's bands became fixtures, sometimes headliners, at Reading Festival, sold millions of albums and were frequently featured on the covers of magazines like NME and Melody Maker.[98] Grebo bands were distinct from prior indie rock groups not only because of their broad influences, but their subversion of the twee or unhappy moods of most other bands in the genre, and their pursuit of a heavier sound and aesthetic. The scene came to include the stylistically similar bands of nearby Leicester: the Bomb Party, Gaye Bykers on Acid, Crazyhead, the Hunters Club and Scum Pups.[99]

Mainstream–underground split: 1990s

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The success of grunge allowed Sonic Youth to breakthrough into the mainstream[100]

In the early 1990s, the Seattle grunge scene, and its most visible acts, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden and Alice in Chains, broke into the mainstream.[101] The monumental success of these bands, particularly Nirvana, brought increased attention to the indie rock scene, which initiated a shift in which the indie rock descriptor became displaced by the term alternative rock.[100] As a result, the term "alternative" lost its original counter-cultural meaning and began to refer to the new, commercially lighter form of music that was now achieving mainstream success. New York magazine writer Carl Swanson argued that even the term "sellout" lost its meaning as grunge made it possible for a niche movement, no matter how radical, to be co-opted by the mainstream, cementing the formation of an individualist, fragmented culture.[102]

In his book Popular Music: The Key Concepts, media academic Roy Shuker states that "Grunge represented the mainstreaming of the North American indie rock ethic and style of the 1980s", going on to explain that a band's status as independent became "As much a marketing device as [indie rock and alternative rock were an] identifiable 'sound'".[103] In the wake of this increased attention, indie rock experienced a split: accessible bands who catered to the now-popular alternative rock radio; and bands who continued to experiment, advancing in the underground.[72] According to AllMusic, it was during this split that "indie rock" solidified itself as a term for the style of music played by these underground artists, while the mainstream indie rock-influenced bands became termed alternative rock.[3]

Slowcore developed in the United States as a direct counterpoint to the rapid growth of grunge.[104] Although loosely defined, slowcore generally includes slow tempos, minimalist instrumentals and sad lyrics.[105] Galaxie 500, particularly their second album On Fire (1989), were heavy influences on the genre,[106][107] with Bandcamp Daily writer Robert Rubsam, calling them the "fountainhead for all that would come".[108] The first wave of bands in the genre included Red House Painters, Codeine, Bedhead, Ida and Low. The genre originated from around the United States, with no geographic focus, and very little interaction between its artists.[108]

A younger subset of grebo bands emerged around 1991, who were in turn labelled "fraggle" bands.[109] During this movement, the dominant sound was a style of indie rock that was heavily indebted to punk and Nirvana's album Bleach album, while also occasionally making use of drum machines.[110] Gigwise writer Steven Kline described the style as "filthy guitars, filthier hair and t-shirts only a mother would wash". Prominent fraggle acts included Senseless Things, Mega City Four and Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine.[110]

Pavement singer/guitarist Stephen Malkmus

Spin writer Charles Aaron described Pavement and Guided by Voices as "the two bands that came to exemplify indie rock in this period, and still define the term in many people's minds". Both bands made use of a Lo-fi production style which romanticised their D.I.Y. ethos.[111] Pavement's 1992 album Slanted and Enchanted, was one of the defining albums of the slacker rock subgenre.[112] Rolling Stone called the album "the quintessential indie rock album", placing it on the magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[113]

In the North Carolina Research Triangle, an indie rock scene was being spearheaded by groups enfranched Merge Records like Superchunk, Archers of Loaf and Polvo. describing a growing scene of indie-rock bands who were influenced by hardcore punk and post-punk.[114] At the time, publications such as Entertainment Weekly took to calling the college town of Chapel Hill the "next Seattle".[115][116] Superchunk's single "Slack Motherfucker" has also been credited by Columbia magazine with popularizing the "slacker" stereotype, and as a defining anthem of 90s indie rock.[117]

With the rise of Britpop, many of Britain's earlier indie rock bands fell into obscurity.[118] Fronted by Blur, Oasis, Pulp and Suede,[119] the bands in the movement were advertised as being underground artists, as a means to compete commercially with the United States' grunge scene.[120] While Britpop was stylistically indebted to indie rock and began as an offshoot of it, Britpop bands abandoned the genre's earlier anti-establishment politics and instead brought it into the mainstream, with bands like Blur and Pulp even signing to major labels.

In her essay Labouring the Point? The Politics of Britain in "New Britain", politician and academic Rupa Huq states that Britpop "began as an offshoot of the independent British music scene but arguably ended up killing it, as a convergence took place between indie and mainstream, removing the distinctive 'protest' element of British-based independent music"[18] Music journalist John Harris has suggested that Britpop began when Blur's fourth single "Popscene" and Suede's debut "The Drowners" were released around the same time in the spring of 1992. He stated, "[I]f Britpop started anywhere, it was the deluge of acclaim that greeted Suede's first records: all of them audacious, successful and very, very British."[121] Suede were the first of the new crop of guitar-orientated bands to be embraced by the UK music media as Britain's answer to Seattle's grunge sound. Their debut album Suede for the fastest-selling debut album in the UK.[122]

Diversification

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Sunny Day Real Estate's debut album, Diary (1994), began a new wave of the emo genre, by incorporating elements of it into their indie rock sound.[123] Sunny Day Real Estate and other second wave emo bands, including Piebald, the Promise Ring and Cap'n Jazz distanced emo from its hardcore roots and allowed the genre to develop a much more realised scene than its first wave.[124]

This style of emo broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s, with the platinum-selling success of Jimmy Eat World's Bleed American (2001) and Dashboard Confessional's The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most (2001).[125] One particularly notable scene during this wave was the Midwest emo bands of the latter half of the decade, who incorporated the jangly guitar tones of earlier indie rock and elements of math rock to create the distinctive style of groups like American Football.[124] The popularity of emo, also allowed a number of "not-quite-indie-not-quite-emo" bands like Death Cab For Cutie, Modest Mouse and Karate to gain significant attention.[126]

The loosely defined Elephant 6 collective – which included the Apples in Stereo, Beulah, Circulatory System, Elf Power, the Minders, Neutral Milk Hotel, of Montreal and the Olivia Tremor Control – merged indie rock with psychedelic pop. Gimme Indie Rock author Andrew Earles stated that the collective, namely Neutral Milk Hotel on On Avery Island (1996), "helped keep the genre artistically relevant while other bands defected and other underground styles rose to prominence".[127][128]

Indie electronic or indietronica[129] covers rock-based artists who share an affinity for electronic music, using samplers, synthesizers, drum machines, and computer programs.[130] Less a style and more a categorization, it describes an early 1990s trend of acts who followed in the traditions of early electronic music (composers of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop), krautrock and synth-pop.[130] Progenitors of the genre were English bands Disco Inferno, Stereolab, and Space.[130] Most musicians in the genre can be found on independent labels like Warp, Morr Music, Sub Pop or Ghostly International.[130]

Space rock took the psychedelic rock, ambient music influence of Pink Floyd and Hawkwind and incorporated them into an indie rock context, merging influences from post-rock, shoegaze and neo-psychedelia.[131] The style began with Spacemen 3 in the 1980s, with later groups including Mercury Rev,[132] Spiritualized, Flying Saucer Attack, Godspeed You! Black Emperor and Quickspace.[133]

As Britpop waned towards the end of the decade, post-Britpop took hold within the UK's indie rock scene.[134] From about 1997, as dissatisfaction grew with the concept of Cool Britannia and Britpop as a movement began to dissolve, emerging bands began to avoid the Britpop label while still producing music derived from it.[135][136] After the decline of Britpop they began to gain more critical and popular attention.[135] The Verve's album Urban Hymns (1997) was a worldwide hit and their commercial peak before they broke up in 1999, while Radiohead – although having achieved moderate recognition with The Bends in 1995 – achieved near-universal critical acclaim with their experimental third album OK Computer (1997), and its follow-ups Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001).[137] Stereophonics, used elements of a post-grunge and hardcore on their breakthrough albums Word Gets Around (1997) and Performance and Cocktails (1999), before moving into more melodic territory with Just Enough Education to Perform (2001) and subsequent albums.[138][139]

Feeder, who were initially more influenced by American post-grunge, producing a hard rock sound that led to their breakthrough single "Buck Rogers" and the album Echo Park (2001).[140] After the death of their drummer Jon Lee, they moved to a more reflective and introspective mode on Comfort in Sound (2002), their most commercially successful album to that point, which spawned a series of hit singles.[141]

The most commercially successful band in the millennium were Coldplay, whose first two albums Parachutes (2000) and A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002) went multi-platinum, establishing them as one of the most popular acts in the world by the time of their third album X&Y (2005).[142][143] Snow Patrol's "Chasing Cars" (from their 2006 album Eyes Open) is the most widely played song of the 21st century on UK radio.[144]

Mainstream success: 2000s

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Post-punk and garage rock revival

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Main articles: Post-punk revival and Garage rock revival
The Strokes are one of the most influential bands to indie rock in the 2000s

The mainstream attention which indie rock garnered in the 2000s began with the Strokes and their 2001 debut album Is This It. Playing a style indebted to '60s-70s bands like the Velvet Underground and the Ramones, the band's intention musically was to sound like "a band from the past that took a time trip into the future to make their record."[145] The album peaked at number thirty-three in the United States, staying in the charts for two additional years and debuted at number two on the UK albums chart.[145][146] When the Strokes made their commercial debut, the public perception of "rock music" was based in post-grunge, nu metal and rap rock, putting their throwback style of garage rock as a stark contrast to the mainstream. The band's immediate influence allowed fellow classic rock influenced New York bands like the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Interpol and TV on the Radio to gain mainstream attention.[147] The Strokes were accompanied in this commercial breakthrough by the White Stripes, the Vines, and the Hives. These groups were christened by parts of the media as the "The" bands, and dubbed "the saviours of rock 'n' roll",[148] prompting Rolling Stone magazine to declare on its September 2002 cover, "Rock is Back!"[149]

The Libertines were described by AllMusic as "one of the U.K.'s most influential 21st century acts"

The success of the Strokes revitalised the then-dying underground post-Britpop scene in the United Kingdom with groups who took the band's influence and experimented with their sound. This first wave of UK acts included Franz Ferdinand, Kasabian, Maxïmo Park, the Cribs, Bloc Party, Kaiser Chiefs and the Others.[150] However, the Libertines, who formed in 1997, stood as the UK's counterpoint to the Strokes, being described by AllMusic as "one of the U.K.'s most influential 21st century acts"[151] and the Independent stating that "the Libertines wanted to be an important band, but they could not have predicted the impact they would have".[152] Influenced by the Clash, the Kinks, the Smiths and the Jam,[151] the band's style of tinny, high register, sometimes acoustic, guitar parts topped by lyrics of British parochial pleasures in the vocalists' authentic English accents became widely imitated.[152] The Fratellis, the Kooks, and the View were three such acts to gain significant commercial success, although the most prominent post-Libertines band was Sheffield's Arctic Monkeys.[152] One of the earliest groups to owe their initial commercial success to the use of Internet social networking,[153] the Arctic Monkeys had two No. 1 singles, and their album Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not (2006) became the fastest-selling debut album in British chart history.[154]

In this success, legacy indie bands soon entered the mainstream,[155] including Modest Mouse (whose 2004 album Good News for People Who Love Bad News reached the US top 40 and was nominated for a Grammy Award), Bright Eyes (who in 2004 had two singles at the top of the Billboard magazine Hot 100 Single Sales)[156] and Death Cab for Cutie (whose 2005 album Plans debuted at number four in the US, remaining on the Billboard charts for nearly one year and achieving platinum status and a Grammy nomination).[157] This new commercial breakthrough and the widespread use of the term indie to other forms of popular culture, led a number of commentators to suggest that indie rock had ceased to be a meaningful term.[158][159]

Additionally, a second wave of bands emerged in the United States that managed to gain international recognition as a result of the movement included the Black Keys, Kings of Leon, the Shins, the Bravery, Spoon, the Hold Steady, and the National.[125] The most commercially successful band of this wave was Las Vegas' the Killers. Formed in 2001, after hearing Is This It, the band scrapped the majority of their prior material to rewrite it under the Strokes' influence.[160] The band's debut single "Mr. Brightside" spent 260 non-consecutive weeks, or five years, on the UK Singles Chart as of April 2021, the most out of any song,[161][162] and As of 2017, it had charted on the UK Singles Chart in 11 of the last 13 years,[163] including a 35-week run peaking at number 49 in 2016–2017.[164] Furthermore, it was the UK's most streamed pre-2010 song, until it was surpassed in late 2018,[165] and continued to be purchased for download hundreds of times a week by 2017.[166] In March 2018, the song reached the milestone of staying in the Top 100 of the UK Singles Chart for 200 weeks.[166]

Proliferation

[edit]
Arctic Monkeys are one of the most commercially successful indie rock bands

The impact of the Strokes, the Libertines and Bloc Party led to significant major label interest in indie rock artists, which was then exacerbated by the success of the Arctic Monkeys. In the years following Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not there was a proliferation of bands such as the Rifles, the Pigeon Detectives and Milburn, who created a more formulaic derivative of the earlier acts.[167][150] By the end of the decade, critics had taken to referring to this wave of acts as "landfill indie",[168][169][170] a description coined by Andrew Harrison of the Word magazine.[171] A 2020 Vice article cited Johnny Borrell, vocalist of Razorlight, as the "one man who defined, embodied and lived Landfill Indie" due his forming of a "spectacularly middle-of-the-road" band despite his close proximity to the Libertines' "desperate kinetic energy, mythologised love-hate dynamic and vision of a dilapidated Britain animated by romance and narcotics".[167] In a 2009 article for the Guardian, journalist Peter Robinson cited the landfill indie movement as dead, blaming the Wombats, Scouting For Girls, and Joe Lean & the Jing Jang Jong by stating "If landfill indie had been a game of Buckaroo, those three sent the whole donkey's arse of radio-friendly mainstream guitar band monotony flying high into the air, legs flailing."[172]

Continued success: 2010s–present

[edit]

There continued to be commercial successes in the 2010s Arcade Fire's The Suburbs (2010), the Black Keys's Turn Blue (2014), Kings of Leon's Walls (2016), the Killers's Wonderful Wonderful (2017), which reached number one on the Billboard charts in the United States and the official chart in the United Kingdom, with Arcade Fire's album winning a Grammy for Album of The Year in 2011.[173] Other indie rock acts like Florence and the Machine, the Decemberists and LCD Soundsystem gained number one singles in the United States during the decade, with Vampire Weekend, Florence and the Machine, Arctic Monkeys, Bon Iver, the Killers and the Postal Service gaining platinum selling records.[174] Vampire Weekend's third studio album Modern Vampires of the City (2013) received the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2014, with Consequence writer Tyler Clark stating that in 2019 it was still "an indie rock standard bearer in the wider world of music".[174] Arctic Monkeys' fifth album AM (2013) was one of the biggest indie rock albums of the decade, charting at number one on the UK Albums Chart, having sold 157,329 copies, thus becoming the second fastest-selling album of the year.[175] With the debut of AM on the chart, Arctic Monkeys also broke a record, becoming the first independent-label band to debut at number one in the UK with their first five albums.[176] As of June 2019, AM has spent 300 weeks in the top 100 of the UK Albums Chart.[177] The album also peaked at number one in Australia, Belgium (Flanders), Croatia, Slovenia, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal, and reached top ten positions in several other countries. In the United States, the album sold 42,000 copies in its first week, and debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 chart, becoming the band's highest-charting album in the United States.[178] In August 2017, AM was certified platinum by the RIAA for combined sales and album-equivalent units over of a million units in the United States.[179] As of the 14th of April 2023 every track from the album was certified silver or higher by the BPI with "Mad Sounds" being the last to be certified.[180]

When the 1975's merger of indie rock and mainstream pop began gaining commercial attraction in the early 2010s, it was controversial; they received the award for "Worst Band" at the 2014 NME Awards, but by 2017 received "Best Live Band" at the same award show.[181] Alternative Press writer Yasmine Summan stated that "If you could summarize 2013 and 2014 in one album for indie and alternative fans, it would be the 1975's self-titled release".[182] In an article for the Guardian accrediting the 1975 as the band to "usher indie into the mainstream", writer Mark Beaumont compared vocalist Matty Healy's influence on the genre to that of Libertines vocalist Pete Doherty,[183] and Pitchfork listed them as one of the most influential artists in music since 1995.[184] In the 1975's wake, a number of other indie pop artist gained popularity. Some critics termed this phenomenon "Healywave", which notably included: Pale Waves, the Aces, Joan, Fickle Friends and No Rome.[185] Of this group, Pale Waves were particularly commercially prominent, with their debut album My Mind Makes Noises peaking at number eight on the UK albums chart, Who Am I? (2021) at number three and Unwanted (2022) at number four.[186] At around the same time Wolf Alice became a prominent force in the scene, with their second album Visions of a Life (2017) winning the Mercury Prize in 2018 and third album Blue Weekend (2021) being nominated.[187] Writer Martin Young stated in a 2021 article for Dork that "It's impossible to truly state just how important Wolf Alice are. They are the catalyst for almost all the amazing bands you've read about in Dork over the last 5 years."[188]

See also

[edit]

References

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    By the mid-'80s, the raw sprawl of post-hardcore "underground rock" was coalescing, and after R.E.M.'s success, a number of bands started to think they could also buy in. Major-label reps were showing more interest... Still, in 1985, the most incorrigibly ill-behaved rock band in America, Minneapolis' the Replacements, signed to Sire and released their major-label debut, Tim, a perfectly ragged collection of anthemic pleas written by singer/guitarist Paul Westerberg... Former hardcore punks Hüsker Dü (Minneapolis natives like the Replacements) recorded their major-label debut, Candy Apple Grey, for Warner Bros., a ten-song stunner of punk-pop head trips, but it never earned a nod from commercial radio. The moment's hopeful ambition faded...
    As major labels moved on to hump the L.A. hair-metal ass party, underground rockers began to lose their craving for mainstream validation. The new role models became uncompromising label owners like Greg Ginn of Southern California's SST, and Ian MacKaye of Washington, D.C.'s Dischord. SST, which had started in the late '70s with Ginn's pioneering Black Flag, was a relentless force, signing up the most significant underground bands of the early to mid-'80s, including Minutemen, Hüsker Dü, Meat Puppets, Sonic Youth, Dinosaur Jr....
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Sources

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