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530s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 530s decade ran from January 1, 530, to December 31, 539.

Events

530

By place

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Byzantine Empire
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Persia
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Africa
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  • King Hilderic is deposed by his cousin Gelimer after a seven-year reign. Gelimer restores Arianism as the official religion of the Vandal Kingdom and puts Hilderic in prison along with other supporters.
  • Justinian I sends an embassy to Carthage to negotiate with Gelimer. Gelimer replies: “Nothing is more desirable than that a monarch should mind his own business.”[1]
China
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By topic

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Art
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Religion
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531

By place

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Byzantine Empire
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Europe
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Persia
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  • King Kavadh I, age 82, dies after a 43-year reign. Khosrau I, his favourite son, is proclaimed successor over his elder brothers.
Asia
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Unidentified
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532

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Byzantine Empire
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Europe
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Asia
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By topic

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Arts and sciences
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  • First year in which the Anno Domini calendar is used for numbering the years.
Religion
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533

By place

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Byzantine Empire
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  • Spring – Vandalic War: Anti-Vandal revolt in Tripolitania and Sardinia; Gelimer, king of the Vandals, dispatches the bulk of the Vandal fleet (120 ships and 5,000 men) under his brother Tzazo to Sardinia. Byzantine forces from Cyrenaica occupy Leptis Magna and Tripolis.
  • March 25 – In a letter, Emperor Justinian I declares the Bishop of Rome (currently John) to be "head of all Bishops, and the true and effective corrector of heretics."
  • Summer – Emperor Justinian I holds a war council in Constantinople. His advisers warn him against launching an expedition to North Africa, because of the supply-lines (1,000 miles into Vandal waters) and the huge drain on the imperial treasury. Justinian appoints Belisarius to command the Byzantine army.
  • June 21 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails in 500 transports, escorted by 92 war vessels (dromons), manned by 20,000 seamen from Constantinople, to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. The fleet carries 10,000 infantry, about half Byzantine and half foederati, and 5,000 cavalry, consisting of 3,000 Byzantine horsemen, 1,000 foreign allies (Huns and Heruli) and 1,500 of Belisarius' retainers (bucellarii).[7] On the flagship Belisarius is accompanied by his military secretary Procopius, and his wife Antonina.
  • September – Belisarius arrives at Sicily, which he uses as a staging area, with the permission of the Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha, daughter of Theodoric the Great and regent of Italy. The Ostrogoths help him with supplies and the fleet is prepared for the final attack.
  • September 9 – The Byzantine army lands at Caput Vada (modern Tunisia). Belisarius marches his army northwards, towards Carthage (over 140 miles), following the coast, accompanied by the fleet and shadowed by Gelimer. During the march, the Vandal towns fall without a fight.[8]
  • September 13Battle of Ad Decimum: Gelimer attempts to ambush the Byzantines in a defile at the "10th milestone" from Carthage; due to inadequate coordination and the alertness of Belisarius, the attack is repulsed and the Vandals are scattered into the desert. Belisarius enters the capital and orders his soldiers not to kill or enslave the population. The fleet is stationed in the Lake of Tunis.
  • December 15Battle of Tricamarum: Gelimer assembles an army of about 50,000 men at Bulla Regia (Numidia), and advances towards Carthage. Belisarius moves out to meet the Vandals; he leads the Byzantine cavalry (5,000 men) into battle. Without waiting for his infantry to come up, he charges, despite odds of almost 10-to-1, and throws Gelimer in confusion. Belisarius captures the Vandal camp by storm. Tzazo is killed in an all-cavalry fight, and Gelimer is forced to seek refuge in the mountains of Tunis with the Berbers.
  • December 16 – The Digesta or Pandectae, a collection of jurist writings and other sources, is completed (see Corpus Juris Civilis).
Europe
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By topic

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Religion
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534

By place

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Byzantine Empire
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Europe
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535

By place

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Europe
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Byzantine Empire
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Africa
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Asia
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By topic

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Religion
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Meteorology
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536

By place

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Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire
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Europe
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Africa
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Asia
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By topic

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Religion
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Climate
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  • The volcanic winter of 536, thought to have been caused by an extensive veil of dust in the atmosphere, began in the Northern Hemisphere. It continued until the following year, causing unseasonal weather and crop failure worldwide.[20]

537

By place

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Byzantine Empire
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Britain
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Africa
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Asia
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  • Eastern Wei sends an advance guard of three army columns through the Tong Pass, to attack Western Wei. The Western army under Yu-Wen Tai defeats one of the columns while the others retreat. Yu-Wen follows up, but runs into the main Eastern army (200,000 men). The Westerners are pushed back through the pass, and the Eastern army emerges from the mountains. Unexpectedly they are charged in the flank by 10,000 Western cavalry, and 6,000 Easterners are killed and 70,000 captured.[30]
  • John Cottistis starts a short-lived rebellion against Justinian I. He is declared emperor at Dara, but is killed four days later by conspiring soldiers.[31]
America
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By topic

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Construction
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  • The Aqua Virgo aqueduct is destroyed by the Goths; they try to use the underground channel as a secret route to invade Rome.[32]
Religion
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Society
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538

By place

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Byzantine Empire
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Britain
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Asia
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By topic

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Religion
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Society
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539

By place

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Byzantine Empire
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Europe
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Asia
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By topic

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Society
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Significant people

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Births

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Deaths

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539

Notes

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  1. ^ Famine is described as "AI537.1, Failure of bread" in the Annals of Inisfallen.[33]
  2. ^ Famine is described as "T538.1, Failure of bread" in the Annals of Tigernach.[37]
  3. ^ Famine is described as "U539.1, Failure of bread" in the Annals of Ulster.[39]

References

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  1. ^ Hodgkin, Thomas (1885). Italy and Her Invaders: 476-535, Volume 3. Рипол Классик. p. 662. ISBN 9785876357366.
  2. ^ Isidore of Seville, History of the Goths, chapter 40. Translation by Guido Donini and Gorden B. Ford, Isidore of Seville's History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi, second revised edition (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970), p. 19.
  3. ^ "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  4. ^ Connor, Steve (2014-07-07). "Our explosive past is written in the Antarctic ice". i. London. p. 17.
  5. ^ Greatrex, Geoffrey (1997). "The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 117: 60–86. doi:10.2307/632550. ISSN 0075-4269. JSTOR 632550.
  6. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Boniface II". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  7. ^ Procopius, BV, Vol. I, XI. 7–16
  8. ^ Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 130–131
  9. ^ Jordanes, Vol. LIX, p. 51 and Herwig Wolfram (1998), p. 338
  10. ^ J. Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries, p. 215
  11. ^ Rome at War (p. 55). Michael Whitby, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-359-4
  12. ^ Breviarium S. Liberati, ap. Mansi, Concilia, Vol. IX, p. 695
  13. ^ Bury (1958). pp. 143–144.
  14. ^ a b Massimiliano Vitiello (1 January 2014). Theodahad: A Platonic King at the Collapse of Ostrogothic Italy. University of Toronto Press. pp. 157–160. ISBN 978-1-4426-4783-1.
  15. ^ a b Bury (1923). Vol. II, Ch. XVIII. pp. 174-180.
  16. ^ Bambury, Pádraig; Beechinor, Stephen (2000). "The Annals of Ulster" (Electronic ed.). Cork, Ireland: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork. pp. U536.3n. Failure of bread.
  17. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico I.VII.
  18. ^ Earl Philip Henry Stanhope Stanhope (1848). The Life of Belisarius. J. Murray. pp. 154–158.
  19. ^ Ochoa, George; Hoffman, Jennifer; Tin, Tina (2005). Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-59486-288-5.
  20. ^ Gibbons, Ann (2018-11-15). "Why 536 was 'the worst year to be alive". Science. AAAS. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  21. ^ Bury (1923), Ch. XIX, p. 182–183
  22. ^ Bury (1923), Ch. XIX, p. 185
  23. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico I.XXIII
  24. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico I.XXVII
  25. ^ Bury (1923), Ch. XIX, p. 188
  26. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico II.VI
  27. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico II.V
  28. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico, II.VII
  29. ^ Bury 1958, pp. 144–145
  30. ^ Imperial Chinese Armies (p. 42). C.J. Peers, 1995. ISBN 978-1-85532-514-2
  31. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 639–640
  32. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico II.IX
  33. ^ Mac Airt 2000–2008, pp. AI537.1.
  34. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico II
  35. ^ Procopius, De Bello Gothico I.XIII
  36. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 125, 255, 641
  37. ^ Mac Niocaill 2010, pp. T538.1.
  38. ^ The Making of the Slavs (p. 190–226). Florin Curta, 2001. ISBN 978-0-511-49629-5
  39. ^ Bambury, Pádraig; Beechinor, Stephen (2000). "The Annals of Ulster" (Electronic edition compiled by the CELT Team (2000) ed.). CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork College Road, Cork, Ireland—http://www.ucc.ie/celt. pp. U539.1.
  40. ^ "Colmán mac Lénéni". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  41. ^ BRENNAN, BRIAN (1996). "Deathless Marriage and Spiritual Fecundity in Venantius Fortunatus's De Virginitate". Traditio. 51: 73–97. doi:10.1017/S0362152900013374. JSTOR 27831930. S2CID 152047997.
  42. ^ Pauline Allen (1981). Evagrius Scholasticus, the Church Historian. Peeters Publishers & Booksellers. p. 1. ISBN 9789042928091.
  43. ^ "Dioscorus - pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  44. ^ "Cerdic | king of Wessex". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  45. ^ "John II | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  46. ^ J. B. Bury (1 January 1958). History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian. Courier Corporation. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-486-20399-7.
  47. ^ T. F. Lindsay (1949). Saint Benedict: His Life and Work. Burns, Oates. p. 102.
Bibliography